PhD candidate in ethical challenges concerning the use of civilian contractors by Armed Forces
Deadline: 12.08.2021
Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences (INN University) is home to over 16,000 students and 1,300 employees, and has campuses in Lillehammer, Hamar, Elverum, Rena, Evenstad and Blæstad.
INN University aspires to build strong and enduring academic and research environments that will spearhead regionally, nationally and internationally.
We are developing a new and better institution with high academic and pedagogical quality, aiming at achieving university accreditation by 2020.
Depending on the department`s needs, and the candidate`s competence and desires, the position may be transformed into a four years position with 25% teaching duties at the Department of Law, Philosophy and International Studies. The purpose of the PhD research fellowship for the admitted candidate is to undergo a research training programme that leads to the successful completion of a doctoral degree. The selected applicant will be expected to complete the PhD programme in 2024/2025.
Ethical Challenges concerning the use of civilian contractors by Armed Forces
In the last decade, the Norwegian Armed Forces - like many other European Armed forces - have increasingly outsourced tasks and services to civilian contractors (logistics, maintenance, catering etc.) This new model of outsourcing is called the “total defense” model (“totalforsvarsmodellen” in Norwegian). It implies a significant restructuring of the defense sector, with wide ranging consequences for governance structure, legal rules and regulations.
The agreements between the Armed Forces and civilian contractors often entail that the contractors also will provide their services in wartime, which may weaken the distinction between civilians and combatants. If a civilian lorry driver delivers arms directly to the frontline, he will be a direct participant in hostilities and hence a lawful target. Even if he does not participate directly in hostilities, the arms he is carrying will be a lawful target. If the lorry is attacked, the lorry driver would be considered proportional collateral damage.
The outsourcing of tasks to civilian contractors to support the Armed Forces raises a range of ethical and legal issues:
Is it morally justified to employ civilians in such tasks?
If it is justified, under what conditions? Which duties will the Armed Forces have towards its civilian contractors?
Do civilian citizens have good reasons, or duties, to take on such tasks?
What is the ethical justification for the distinction between civilians and combatants, and is this a relevant moral distinction? If so, what does its significance consist in?
Which actions amount to direct participation in hostilities? What is the ethical significance of the distinction between direct and indirect participation in hostilities? How can direct participation be demarcated in modern warfare without geographical frontlines?
Should domestic law be adjusted in order to regulate this practice of outsourcing tasks to civilian contractors, and if so how?
Should international law be adjusted in order to regulate this practice, and if so, how?
How was the total defense model developed, decided and implemented? Did the Armed Forces, Ministry of Defence and Parliament pay sufficient attention to the ethical, legal, logistic and security risks involved in this restructuring?
We seek a PhD- candidate who can develop and implement a PhD dissertation on one or more of these questions, or similar questions. The candidate will be affiliated with and receive supervision from the research group at INSEPP, as well as the Department of Law, Philosophy, and International Studies. At INSEPP there is expertise in innovation in the public and private service sector, and at the department of Law, Philosophy and International Studies, there is expertise in the ethics of war, as well as in domestic and international law. In addition, the candidate may collaborate with the research group in Crisis Management at Campus Rena.
For any questions, please contact:
Andreas Brekke Carlsson (andreas.carlsson@inn.no),
Knut Olav Skarsaune (knut.olav.skarsaune@inn.no) or
Head of Department, Anstein Gregersen (anstein.gregersen@inn.no)
Qualifications
Applicants must have a master’s degree in a philosophy, law or political science, 120 ECTS or equivalent, including a master's thesis of at least 30 ECTS (cf. NOKUT’s (the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education’s) requirements for admission to PhD-education at Norwegian universities). Applicants with a master’s degree from universities abroad, have to attach “Recognition of foreign higher education” from NOKUT. Instructions on how to get this master’s degree assessed and approved, are given by NOKUT, cf.
Language proficiency: Oral and written English is required. In addition, it is required to have command of at least one Scandinavian language in order to carry out document analyses.
Ability to carry out independent research at an international level
The application and all attachments are to be submitted electronically and should include the following:
Application letter (describing the applicant’s background and motivation)
Research proposal (3-5 pages, 12-point font, single-spaced)
Short writing sample (max 4000 words)
CV (summarizing education, positions and academic work)
Copies of higher education certificates
If you have any questions about uploading an attachment or other technical matters regarding the application, Jobbnorge customer service can be contacted. Contact information is provided as a link in the application form.
Relevant applications will be considered by an expert committee. CVs, copies of diplomas and certificates, documents/works to be considered must be submitted as electronic attachments or links to the application.
The most relevant applicants will be invited to an interview.
Requests for exemptions from the public applicant list must be clearly justified and stated via the electronic application form. Applicants will be contacted if INN University cannot comply with the request (cf. § 25 of the Freedom of Information Act).
The state workforce should, as far as possible, reflect the diversity of the population. It is therefore a personnel policy goal at INN University to achieve a balanced age and gender composition and to recruit people with an immigrant background. If necessary, the working conditions are adapted for persons with disabilities. If applicants declare in their CV that they have a disability, this information may be used for registration purposes in connection with the target employment numbers.
We offer
An academically stimulating work environment with engaged colleagues and a growing institution
Good welfare benefits
Good pension benefits, under the Norwegian Public Service Pension Funds
The position’s salary follows position code 1017 PhD candidate in the state's wage regulations, a pay grade of 54 (NOK 491 200,- p.a). If 4 years with 25 % teaching duties is agreed upon, 25 % will be remunerated according to the appropriate level for a teaching position, on the basis of an evaluation of relevant qualifications. For particularly qualified candidates, placement and salary can be agreed in position code 1378 PhD candidate.
For more information about INN University as an employer, please see here .
